ABSTRACT
Chitosanase production of Gongronella sp. JG cells immobilized in calcium alginate gel and polyurethane foam was compared with that of the free cells, there was a 60% increase in the enzyme yield (2429 U/L) compared to the highest yield obtained from free cells (1513 U/L). The optimal immobilization parameters (concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride, bead inoculums, bead diameter, etc) for the enhanced production of chitosanase were determined as: sodium alginate 2% (w/v), 0.1 M calcium chloride, inoculum 10 mL beads to 100 mL production media and 2.7 mm bead diameter. Maximum chitosanase production was achieved with initial pH of 5.5 and temperature of 30 ºC. The alginate beads had well stability, retained 85% ability of enzyme production even after 7 cycles of repeated batch fermentation. These results showed the immobilization technique was a feasible and economical method for chitosansase production by Gongronella sp. JG.
Subject(s)
Animals , Alginates , Crustacea/enzymology , Crustacea/microbiology , Fermentation , Aquatic Fungi/analysis , Polyurethanes/analysis , Chitosan/analysis , Chitosan/isolation & purification , Sodium/analysis , Attention , Cells, Immobilized , Enzyme Activation , Food Samples , Methods , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Despite the large number of reports describing sponge-microbe associations, limited knowledge is available about associated fungi and their relationships with the hosts. In this work, specific fungal strains were obtained directly from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and single sponge cells (cytospins) and compared with those obtained from whole tissue preparations. A total of 27 fungal strains were isolated from the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona melana. Fifteen strains, nine from H. heliophila and six from H. melana, were obtained from whole tissue and were considered as possible mesohyl associated or transient fungi. Twelve strains were isolated from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and were, therefore, considered as cell associated. From these, five different strains were obtained from H. heliophila isolated cells, while five were identified from cytospins and two from primmorphs of H. melana. The fungal strains obtained from cell cultures from both sponge species were different, and none of them were detected in the whole tissue preparations of the same species. Nine H. heliophila and seven H. melana strains shows low similarity with the sequences available in public databases and belong to potentially new species. This is the first report of fungi isolated directly from sponge cells, which allowed the observation and selection of specific strains that probably would not be obtained by usual culture dependent techniques.
Subject(s)
Cell Culture Techniques , Aquatic Fungi/analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Marine Environment , Marine Fauna , Porifera/microbiology , Environmental Microbiology , Methods , MethodsABSTRACT
Estudo da diversidade de quitridiomicetos de solo e água, na "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba", resultou no isolamento de 29 espécies, com três Blastocladiales, 23 Chytridiales, uma Monoblepharidales e duas Spizellomycetales. Dos táxons isolados, 69 por cento são citados pela primeira vez para a Reserva, 14 por cento para o estado de São Paulo, e 7 por cento para o país. É a primeira menção de Rhizophydium condylosum Karling no Brasil.
The diversity study of the chytrids from soil and water from the "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba", yielded 29 species, with three Blastocladiales, 23 Chytridiales, one Monoblepharidales and two Spizellomycetales. From these, 69 percent taxa were cited for the first time for Reserve, 14 percent for São Paulo State and 7 percent for Brazil. Rhizophydium condylosum Karling is being mentioned for the first time in Brazil.